Semaglutide
Ozempic / Wegovy / Rybelsus (GLP-1 receptor agonist)
Checked Oct 28, 2026
The short answer
Proven in humans for weight loss in adults with obesity or overweight
Grade A for weight loss in adults with obesity or overweight: in the STEP 1 trial of 1,961 adults, 2.4 mg weekly cut body weight 14.9% versus 2.4% on placebo over 68 weeks, and the FDA approved it for this use.
- Approved?
- Approved for: chronic weight management in adults with obesity, or overweight with at least one weight-related condition; also cardiovascular risk reduction and noncirrhotic MASH (FDA, Wegovy, 2021 for weight; later for the other uses).
- Safety: B, characterized
- Very large human exposure with a boxed warning for rodent thyroid C-cell tumors (human relevance not determined), a heavy but mostly titration-related GI burden, and warnings for pancreatitis and gallbladder disease.
The full answer: what it is for, the dose, the units
What people take it for: Semaglutide is a once-weekly injection (or daily pill) that mimics the gut hormone GLP-1. People take it to lose weight, to control type 2 diabetes, and, on prescription, to lower heart attack and stroke risk.
Does it work for weight loss in adults with obesity or overweight? A, proven in humans. Result: worked.
Grade A for weight loss in adults with obesity or overweight: in the STEP 1 trial of 1,961 adults, 2.4 mg weekly cut body weight 14.9% versus 2.4% on placebo over 68 weeks, and the FDA approved it for this use. Most of the weight returns after stopping.
Approved for: chronic weight management in adults with obesity, or overweight with at least one weight-related condition; also cardiovascular risk reduction and noncirrhotic MASH (FDA, Wegovy, 2021 for weight; later for the other uses). Ozempic is approved for type 2 diabetes (FDA, 2017) and kidney and cardiovascular risk in diabetes with chronic kidney disease. The approval covers the prescribed, labeled products at labeled doses for those indications. It does not carry over to compounded or gray-market semaglutide, to people below the label's weight criteria, or to doses above the label. FDA label: Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and tablets, revised 03/2026 (Indications and Usage, section 1)
Safety: B, characterized. Very large human exposure with a boxed warning for rodent thyroid C-cell tumors (human relevance not determined), a heavy but mostly titration-related GI burden, and warnings for pancreatitis and gallbladder disease.
Do not use if: Contraindicated in personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN2), and in known hypersensitivity.
Could it be placebo? Trials for this use beat placebo on objective endpoints (scale weight, HbA1c, adjudicated cardiovascular events), so a placebo effect does not explain the result.
The dose people use, and the units to draw
The labels give the dose: injections start at 0.25 mg weekly and step up every 4 weeks to 2.4 mg (7.2 mg for the HD option), and the Wegovy pill steps from 1.5 mg to 25 mg daily (FDA Wegovy label, section 2).
| Source | Dose | How often and how | Who it was for | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FDA label: Wegovy injection | 0.25 mg weeks 1-4; 0.5 mg weeks 5-8; 1 mg weeks 9-12; 1.7 mg weeks 13-16; maintenance 2.4 mg (recommended) or 1.7 mg from week 17 | Once weekly, subcutaneous; if a step is not tolerated, delay escalation 4 weeks | Adults and children 12 and older with obesity, or adults with overweight plus a weight-related condition | Section 2.2, Table 1 |
| FDA label: Wegovy HD | Up to 7.2 mg | Once weekly, subcutaneous, only after at least 4 weeks on 2.4 mg when more weight loss is clinically indicated | Adults (the label says the 7.2 mg dose has not been established in children) | Section 2.2 |
| FDA label: Wegovy tablets | 1.5 mg days 1-30; 4 mg days 31-60; 9 mg days 61-90; 25 mg from day 91 | Once daily by mouth | Adults with obesity or overweight plus a weight-related condition, or established cardiovascular disease | Section 2.3, Table 2 |
| FDA label: Ozempic | 0.25 mg for 4 weeks, then 0.5 mg; may go to 1 mg and then 2 mg after at least 4 weeks on each; maximum 2 mg. For kidney disease in type 2 diabetes the maintenance dose is 1 mg | Once weekly, subcutaneous | Adults with type 2 diabetes | Section 2.2 |
| STEP 1 (Wilding et al., NEJM 2021, PMID 33567185) | 2.4 mgUse this dose | Once weekly, subcutaneous, 68 weeks, plus lifestyle intervention | 1,961 adults with obesity or overweight, no diabetes | Abstract |
| STEP UP (Wharton et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025, PMID 40961952) | 7.2 mg versus 2.4 mg versus placebo | Once weekly, subcutaneous, 72 weeks, plus lifestyle intervention | 1,407 adults with BMI 30 or higher, no diabetes | Abstract, Findings |
| OASIS 4 (Wharton et al., NEJM 2025, PMID 40934115) | 25 mgUse this dose | Once daily by mouth, primary endpoint at week 64 | 307 adults with overweight or obesity, no diabetes | Abstract, Methods and Results |
| SUSTAIN-6 (Marso et al., NEJM 2016, PMID 27633186) | 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg | Once weekly, subcutaneous, 104 weeks | 3,297 adults with type 2 diabetes | Abstract |
| SELECT (Lincoff et al., NEJM 2023, PMID 37952131) | 2.4 mgUse this dose | Once weekly, subcutaneous | 17,604 adults with overweight or obesity and established cardiovascular disease, no diabetes | Abstract |
| Peter Attia, The Drive, AMA #86 (GLP-1 RAs and muscle loss) | No dose stated | Show notes discuss lean mass, protein and resistance training; no mg dose appears on the page | General audience | Show notes, 3:45 |
On the labels, weekly injection doses run from 0.25 mg (starting dose) through 0.5 to 2 mg (Ozempic, maximum 2 mg) and 2.4 mg (Wegovy maintenance) up to 7.2 mg (Wegovy HD), and the daily Wegovy tablet runs from 1.5 mg to 25 mg.
Searched for Huberman Lab, Examine and Dr. Abud Bakri statements; no episode transcript or Examine page giving a semaglutide dose could be opened, so none is cited. The Attia AMA #86 page names semaglutide without a dose. Every number above comes from the FDA labels or the published trials.
Reported by the named source, never prescribed by us.
How many units do I draw?
Approved pens are prefilled and dose by setting, so there is no unit math; if you ever work from a vial, the calculator converts vial mg, water mL and dose mg into syringe units. Open the dose calculator
Why it might work
- SemaglutideGLP-1 agonist
- GLP-1 receptor
- Insulin ↑ · appetite ↓
- Weight + glucose ↓proven
Assumed pathway, not shown in people.
Confirmed (approved drug, not assumed): a GLP-1 analogue (~94% homology to human GLP-1) that selectively activates the GLP-1 receptor, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, slowing gastric emptying, and acting on hindbrain/hypothalamic appetite circuits to reduce energy intake. Structural modifications (position-8 substitution resisting DPP-4, C-18 fatty-diacid chain binding albumin) give it its long half-life.
The trials, claim by claim
Boxed-warning and other regulatory lines carry a Status tag instead of an evidence letter. Weight-loss figures are the label's intention-to-treat numbers or the published trial estimates, not best-case on-drug numbers.
Once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg produced mean ~14.9% body-weight loss vs ~2.4% on placebo over 68 weeks in non-diabetic adults (STEP 1, NEJM 2021).
Result: worked
Large double-blind placebo-controlled RCT (n=1961), published NEJM; replicated across STEP program.
PubMed: STEP 1 (Wilding, NEJM 2021)Reduces major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight/obese adults with established CV disease and no diabetes (SELECT trial); basis for the March 2024 Wegovy CV indication.
Result: worked
Large randomized cardiovascular outcomes trial; FDA-approved indication.
PubMed: SELECT CV outcomes (Lincoff 2023)Reduces HbA1c and lowers cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 6, 104-week RCT, n=3297).
Result: worked
Double-blind placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcomes RCT in T2DM.
PubMed: SUSTAIN 6 (Marso, NEJM 2016)Most weight is regained after stopping: in the STEP 1 extension, participants regained ~11.6 points of body weight over the year after withdrawal (net ~5.6% retained).
Extension of a randomized trial (327 participants, exploratory analysis) with objective scale data; the FDA label's randomized withdrawal trial (Study 5) shows the same regain.
PubMed: STEP 1 withdrawal extension (Wilding, Diabetes Obes Metab 2022)FDA boxed warning: causes thyroid C-cell tumors (incl. medullary carcinoma) in rodents; human relevance not determined. Contraindicated in personal/family history of MTC or MEN2.
FDA-approved label boxed warning (Wegovy/Ozempic); rodent data is grade-D for the tumor signal but the warning itself is regulatory.
FDA label: Wegovy injection and tablets (revised 03/2026)Acute pancreatitis (including fatal hemorrhagic/necrotizing cases) and acute gallbladder disease (cholelithiasis ~1.6% vs 0.7% placebo) reported.
FDA label adverse reactions + clinical trial incidence data.
FDA label: Wegovy injection and tablets (revised 03/2026), sections 5.2 and 5.3Weight loss includes meaningful loss of lean/skeletal muscle mass alongside fat, raising metabolic-health concerns especially in older adults.
Imaging sub-analyses of randomized trials show lean and muscle tissue falling with fat (STEP UP MRI sub-analysis, 55 people: thigh muscle volume down 1.1 L versus placebo, p = 0.07); the size and clinical meaning are still debated.
PubMed: STEP UP MRI body composition sub-analysis (Hjelmesaeth, Diabetes Obes Metab 2026)Wegovy HD (7.2 mg weekly) produced 18.8% mean weight loss at 72 weeks versus 15.5% on 2.4 mg and 3.9% on placebo (STEP UP, n=1,407; label figures); the label reports dysesthesia in 22% on 7.2 mg versus 6% on 2.4 mg.
Result: worked
Phase 3b double-blind RCT (STEP UP, n=1,407) behind an FDA approval; figures from the FDA label (Table 12). The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology paper (PMID 40961952) reports 18.7%, 15.6% and 3.9%.
FDA label: Wegovy injection and tablets (revised 03/2026)Oral semaglutide 25 mg daily (Wegovy tablets) produced 13.6% weight loss at 64 weeks counting everyone versus 2.2% on placebo (OASIS 4, n=307, NEJM 2025).
Result: worked
Phase 3 double-blind placebo-controlled RCT (PMID 40934115) behind an FDA approval (2025-12-22).
PubMed: OASIS 4, oral semaglutide 25 mg (Wharton, NEJM 2025)Risks and the label warnings
Adverse events
High rate of GI adverse effects: nausea (44% versus 16% on placebo at the 2.4 mg dose, FDA label Table 3), vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and fatigue. Most GI effects are dose-titration related and improve over 8-12 weeks but drive a meaningful share of discontinuations. Dysesthesia (altered skin sensation) rises with dose: 22% on 7.2 mg vs 6% on 2.4 mg in the label.
Contraindications
Contraindicated in personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN2), and in known hypersensitivity. Caution/avoid with history of pancreatitis, severe gastroparesis, and active gallbladder disease. Pregnancy: discontinue (weight loss not appropriate in pregnancy). Use of unregulated compounded/gray-market "research" semaglutide carries dosing-error and purity risks the FDA-approved product does not.
Theoretical concerns
Rodent thyroid C-cell/medullary carcinoma signal (boxed warning) with undetermined human relevance; theoretical concerns around pancreatic effects, diabetic retinopathy worsening (seen in SUSTAIN 6), gastroparesis/delayed emptying complicating anesthesia, and possible aspiration risk during sedation. Lean-mass loss may harm long-term metabolic and functional health if not offset by resistance training and adequate protein.
What nobody knows yet
Long-term (>2-3 year) effects on muscle, bone, and weight maintenance; durability of cardio-renal benefit after stopping; optimal strategy to prevent rebound regain (most weight returns within ~1 year off-drug); whether the rodent thyroid signal translates to humans at population scale; effects of very-high-dose (7.2 mg) regimens over time; and outcomes in people using compounded or off-label sources outside trial conditions.
What else could explain the result
Pivotal trials paired semaglutide with structured lifestyle intervention (diet + activity counseling), so real-world results without that support may be smaller, and weight regain is faster when lifestyle support is also withdrawn (STEP 1 ext. vs STEP 4). Community 'before/after' reports often omit diet/exercise changes, dose, and duration. Discount weight-loss-clinic and telehealth/affiliate sources that profit from prescriptions or compounded product.
Is the vial what it says?
Cross-checked against FDA-approved labeling (Wegovy/Ozempic, accessdata.fda.gov), the STEP 1 RCT (NEJM 2021) and its withdrawal extension, SUSTAIN 6 and SELECT cardiovascular outcome trials, the NCBI StatPearls semaglutide monograph, and a published 67,000-user real-world Reddit side-effect analysis (Nature Health). PubMed citations link to the specific paper records where one was identified.
Half-life and storage
Half-life: Approximately 1 week (~165 hours), enabling once-weekly subcutaneous dosing; the long half-life is driven by strong albumin binding (reduced renal clearance) and DPP-4 resistance.
Once mixed: The FDA-approved injectable products (Ozempic/Wegovy) ship as pre-filled pens, no reconstitution required, which is a safety advantage. Compounded/gray-market lyophilized 'research' semaglutide does require reconstitution and is where most dosing errors occur; verify mg per vial and resulting concentration against the actual label before any math, never assume vial size.
What I noticed, and what people report
What people report
Volume of reports: strong. Large, consistent community + practitioner record.
Very high, semaglutide is among the most-discussed drugs online; it has enormous coverage on dedicated forums, TikTok, and mainstream press.
Highly consistent: users reliably report meaningful weight loss (commonly ~8-18% over 6-12 months) and a predictable, mostly transient GI side-effect profile (nausea, fatigue, vomiting, constipation). The two dominant narratives, 'it works' and 'the nausea / the regain after stopping are real', recur across independent communities and match the trial data.
Mixed-to-high. The volume includes many genuine first-hand patient reports that align with RCTs (raising credibility), but the space is heavily commercialized, telehealth prescribers, weight-loss clinics, and compounding pharmacies have strong financial incentives, so affiliate and clinic-sponsored content is discounted. The independent Reddit analysis and press coverage carry more weight than vendor testimonials.
- Widely reported as highly effective for weight loss and appetite suppression ('food noise' reduction), with many users citing ~10-20% body-weight loss over 6-12 months, consistent with trial data.
- Nausea is the dominant complaint, typically worst in the first 8-12 weeks and at each dose increase, then improving; vomiting, fatigue, constipation, and diarrhea are also commonly described.
- A recurring frustration is weight regain after stopping and the sense of open-ended dependence on the drug, matching the STEP 1 withdrawal data showing most weight returns within a year off-treatment.
- Growing community discussion of muscle/strength loss and the need to pair the drug with resistance training and high protein, plus warnings about cost, shortages, and risks of compounded or gray-market sources.
Reports are anecdote, not proof.
Can you tell if it is working?
DEXA (visceral fat + fat mass) and a home CGM are the strongest objective proof; waist tape, scale, and BP cuff corroborate it cheaply.
Bloodwork
A routine lab actually tracks whether this is working.
Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that augments glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, and slows gastric emptying; its glucose-lowering action is captured directly by routine HbA1c and fasting glucose, so efficacy in dysglycemic users is genuinely readable on standard bloodwork. In metabolically healthy weight-loss users glycemia starts near-normal, so blood is a weak proxy there.
Clear decline from baseline in dysglycemic users (SUSTAIN program reported roughly 1.0-1.5% absolute HbA1c reduction in T2D vs placebo), trending toward the <7% treatment goal / normalization
GLP-1 agonism raises glucose-dependent insulin and suppresses glucagon, lowering average glycemia integrated over the ~3-month red-cell lifespan
Lower fasting glucose vs baseline; in T2D, movement toward the 70-99 mg/dL range
Reduced hepatic glucose output and improved beta-cell response lower fasting glycemia; shifts faster than HbA1c so it reads earlier
Draw baseline
Before first dose, fasting draw (capture native glycemia while still drug-naive)
Retest
~12 weeks (after titration to maintenance dose and long enough for HbA1c to re-equilibrate over the ~120-day RBC lifespan); fasting glucose can move by 4-8 weeks
Read this before you spend on labs
HbA1c and fasting glucose are legitimate, orderable efficacy readouts, but only in users who start dysglycemic (prediabetes/T2D). In a metabolically healthy person taking semaglutide purely for weight loss, HbA1c and glucose start near-normal and may barely move even while the drug is clearly working; the real efficacy signals there are weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure, none of which are bloodwork. So bloodwork verifies the glycemic effect cleanly in dysglycemic users and is a weak proxy in normoglycemic weight-loss users. Fasting insulin and triglycerides were dropped from this panel: fasting insulin moves bidirectionally (GLP-1 directly augments insulin secretion, so it can rise even as insulin resistance falls) and triglycerides are a downstream consequence of weight loss, not a drug-specific efficacy readout.
Other ways to track it
DEXA scan, total fat mass, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and lean mass (regional + total)
A working result shows total fat mass and visceral adipose tissue falling, with lean mass dropping too but proportionally less, so lean-as-a-percent-of-body rises. Track absolute lean mass deliberately: some lean loss is expected and normal, but if lean is falling as fast as fat, that is the signal to add resistance training and protein, not evidence the drug is failing. VAT reduction is the honest cardiometabolic payoff beyond the scale.
STEP 1 DEXA substudy: semaglutide 2.4 mg reduced total fat mass and regional visceral fat and raised the lean-mass proportion. VAT and fat mass are estimated from the scan, making DEXA the cleanest objective composition readout and the one that distinguishes real fat loss from water/lean loss.
14-day consumer CGM (Dexcom Stelo / Abbott Lingo / Libre), mean glucose, time-in-range, and glycemic variability (SD/CV)
A working result shows lower mean glucose, higher time-in-range, tighter variability (lower SD/CV), and blunted post-meal spikes. The signal is largest in people with diabetes or prediabetes; in an already-normoglycemic lean user the mean barely moves and the honest readout is reduced post-meal excursions and variability rather than a dramatic drop.
CGM studies show semaglutide improves time-in-range and lowers glucose SD and post-prandial peaks in dysglycemic users. CGM captures the drug's core glycemic mechanism with far more resolution than a single HbA1c, and matches the direct blood finding; its usefulness is largest in prediabetic/diabetic users.
Home scale (weekly weight), tape-measure waist circumference, and validated upper-arm BP cuff
A working result shows steady weight decline (the pivotal trials centered on roughly mid-teens percent bodyweight over ~68 weeks, so expect a real downward trend over months, not a linear weekly drop), shrinking waist circumference, and frequently a modest fall in blood pressure. These are the cheapest honest confirmers and move in the same direction as DEXA.
Weight loss is the primary efficacy endpoint of the STEP program (high-quality RCT evidence), with waist circumference and systolic blood pressure as validated secondaries. Waist tracks VAT reduction; these are the accessible stand-ins when DEXA/CGM aren't available.
Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), orderable spot urine lab
Only trackable in someone with elevated baseline albuminuria (diabetic kidney disease / CKD): a working result shows UACR declining. If your baseline UACR is normal, this readout stays flat and is NOT a useful tracker for you, so it only applies to the CKD/albuminuric subgroup.
The FLOW trial established that semaglutide slows kidney-disease progression and reduces albuminuria in diabetic CKD. UACR is a validated, orderable urine efficacy readout, but it is subpopulation-specific rather than a general tracker.
Bottom line
Semaglutide is one of the most objectively trackable peptides available: blood (HbA1c/fasting glucose) is direct, and beyond blood, DEXA (fat mass + visceral fat + lean) and a home CGM (time-in-range, variability) give clean efficacy proof, with waist/weight/BP as cheap confirmers. Three honest caveats: (1) watch absolute LEAN mass on DEXA, since some lean loss is expected and excessive loss is the main downside to catch; (2) CGM is a strong readout mainly in prediabetic/diabetic users, in a normoglycemic person it barely moves; and (3) skip VO2max and sleep/HRV wearables as efficacy proof, the cardiac trials used 6-minute-walk distance, not measured VO2max, and wearable VO2max/sleep changes mostly reflect the weight-loss denominator, so they are confounded, not validated readouts. Urine UACR only helps if you start with elevated albuminuria.
Logging baseline vs retest is the whole game. The Truth Tracker is our free log for bloodwork, DEXA, genetics, and wearable data, bring your own numbers.
How to track itHistory
First documented human use: Phase 2/3 human trials began in the early-to-mid 2010s; first FDA approval as Ozempic (injectable, type 2 diabetes) on December 5, 2017; first obesity approval as Wegovy on June 4, 2021. Unlike most peptides on this site, semaglutide has completed numerous large controlled human trials.
- 2012-2016Semaglutide developed by Novo Nordisk as a long-acting, albumin-bound GLP-1 analogue; phase 2/3 human trials run.
- 2016SUSTAIN 6 cardiovascular outcomes trial in type 2 diabetes published (NEJM).
- 2017-12-05FDA approves injectable semaglutide as Ozempic for type 2 diabetes.
- 2019Oral semaglutide approved as Rybelsus (first oral GLP-1) for type 2 diabetes.
- 2021-03-18STEP 1 obesity RCT published in NEJM (~14.9% weight loss).
- 2021-06-04FDA approves Wegovy (semaglutide 2.4 mg) for chronic weight management.
- 2024-03-08Wegovy approved for cardiovascular risk reduction (based on SELECT).
- 2025Ozempic gains a chronic-kidney-disease indication.
- 2025-08-15FDA approves Wegovy for noncirrhotic MASH with moderate to advanced fibrosis (accelerated approval, ESSENCE trial).
- 2025-12-22FDA approves oral Wegovy (25 mg tablet daily) for weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction (OASIS 4).
- 2026-01FDA asks for removal of the suicidal behavior and ideation warning from Wegovy labeling; the label change is approved.
- 2026-03-19FDA approves Wegovy HD (7.2 mg weekly) for adults who tolerated 2.4 mg (STEP UP: 18.8% at 72 weeks versus 3.9% on placebo, per the label).
All sources
- FDA label - Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and tablets (revised 03/2026)(Current label: boxed warning, contraindications (MTC/MEN2), 7.2 mg dose, tablet schedule, dose-related dysesthesia.)
- FDA label - Ozempic (semaglutide) injection(Original 2017 diabetes approval label and mechanism/PK.)
- PubMed - STEP 1 obesity RCT (Wilding, NEJM 2021)(~14.9% weight loss vs placebo over 68 weeks; pivotal efficacy.)
- PubMed - STEP 1 withdrawal extension (weight regain, 2022)(Most weight regained within ~1 year of stopping.)
- PubMed - SUSTAIN 6 cardiovascular outcomes (T2DM)(104-week CV outcomes RCT; retinopathy signal.)
- PubMed - SELECT cardiovascular outcomes (overweight/obese, no diabetes)(Basis for the 2024 Wegovy cardiovascular indication.)
- NCBI StatPearls - Semaglutide monograph(Approval timeline, indications, mechanism, safety overview.)
- Nature Health - Self-reported side effects of semaglutide/tirzepatide online(67,008 self-reported users; GI side-effect frequencies (community signal).)
- ClinicalTrials.gov - STEP 1 (NCT03548935)(Registry record for the pivotal obesity trial.)
- FDA label: Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and tablets, revised 03/2026, section 2.2, Table 1(dose table)
- FDA label: Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and tablets, revised 03/2026, sections 2.2 and 8.4(dose table)
- FDA label: Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and tablets, revised 03/2026, section 2.3, Table 2(dose table)
- DailyMed: Ozempic (semaglutide) injection, label revised 5/2026, section 2.2(dose table)
- Wilding JPH et al. N Engl J Med 2021;384:989-1002. PMID 33567185(dose table)
- Wharton S et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025;13(11):949-963. PMID 40961952(dose table)
- Wharton S et al. N Engl J Med 2025;393(11):1077-1087. PMID 40934115(dose table)
- Marso SP et al. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834-1844. PMID 27633186(dose table)
- Lincoff AM et al. N Engl J Med 2023;389:2221-2232. PMID 37952131(dose table)
- Attia P. The Drive #398 (AMA #86), peterattiamd.com/ama86, show notes, timestamp 3:45 section on fat versus lean mass loss(dose table)
Not medical advice. Grades reflect the evidence as of the date above and will change as data arrives. Reports from users are anecdote, not proof. Talk to a licensed clinician before you act on anything here.